Development of Liver Normothermic Machine Perfusion Repair and Assessment System / 中国医疗器械杂志

This paper introduced a liver normothermic machine perfusion repair and assessment system. This system consists of a liver normothermic machine perfusion device, a fluorescence imaging system and a tissue oxygen detector. The normothermic machine perfusion device can continuously perfuse the donor liver and monitor and control the perfusion parameters in real time. The fluorescence imaging system can detect the indocyanine green metabolized by the liver to evaluate the microcirculation and the metabolism function of hepatocytes. The tissue oxygen detector can monitor the change of oxygen partial pressure of liver tissue in real time to evaluate the state of cell oxygen consumption.

Regional-level risk factors for severe hand-foot-and-mouth disease: an ecological study from mainland China

BACKGROUND@#Severe hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is a life-threatening contagious disease among young children and infants. Although enterovirus A71 has been well acknowledged to be the dominant cause of severe HFMD, there still remain other unidentified risk factors for severe HFMD. Previous studies mainly focused on identifying the individual-level risk factors from a clinical perspective, while rare studies aimed to clarify the association between regional-level risk factors and severe HFMD, which may be more important from a public health perspective.@*METHODS@#We retrieved the clinical HFMD counts between 2008 and 2014 from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, which were used to calculated the case-severity rate in 143 prefectural-level cities in mainland China. For each of those 143 cities, we further obtained city-specific characteristics from the China City Statistical Yearbook (social and economic variables) and the national meteorological monitoring system (meteorological variables). A Poisson regression model was then used to estimate the associations between city-specific characteristics (reduced by the principal component analysis to avoid multicollinearity) and the case-severity rate of HFMD. The above analysis was further stratified by age and gender to examine potential modifying effects and vulnerable sub-populations.@*RESULTS@#We found that the case-severity rate of HFMD varied dramatically between cities, ranging from 0 to 8.09%. Cities with high case-severity rates were mainly clustered in Central China. By relating the case-severity rate to city-specific characteristics, we found that both the principal component characterized by a high level of social and economic development (RR = 0.823, 95%CI 0.739, 0.916) and another that characterized by warm and humid climate (RR = 0.771, 95%CI 0.619, 0.960) were negatively associated with the case-severity rate of HFMD. These estimations were consistent across age and gender sub-populations.@*CONCLUSION@#Except for the type of infected pathogen, the case-severity rate of HFMD was closely related to city development and meteorological factor. These findings suggest that social and environmental factors may also play an important role in the progress of severe HFMD.

Hospitalization burden of hand, foot and mouth disease in Anhua county of Hunan province,2013-2016 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To estimate the serotype and age-specific hospitalization burden associated with hand,foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Anhua county of Hunan province,between October 2013 and September 2016.Methods We collected hospitalization records of HFMD patients from 6 virological surveillance hospitals,and reimbursement records through new rural cooperative medical system from 23 township health centers to estimate the age-specific hospitalization burden of HFMD in Anhua.Combined with the results of virological surveillance,the serotype-specific hospitalization burden of HFMD in Anhua,was estimated.Results During the three years,it was estimated that 3 541 clinical diagnosed HFMD cases,including 3 146 laboratory-confirmed HFMD cases,were hospitalized in Anhua,but only one was diaguosed as being severe.The estimated average hospitalization rate was 723/100 000(95％C1:699/100 000-747/100 000) for clinical diagnosed HFMD and 642/100 000 (95％ CI:620/100 000-665/100 000) for laboratory-confirmed HFMD between October 2013 and September 2016.The cases caused by Cox A16 (208/100 000) and Cox A6 (202/100 000) had higher hospitalization rates compared with the cases caused by EV71 (130/100 000),Cox A10 (38/100 000) and other enterovirus (64/100 000),and the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.001).HFMD-associated hospitalization rates peaked in children aged 1 year (3 845/100 000),and then decreased with age.Compared with the hospitalized HFMD caused by EV71 and Cox A16,Cox A6-associated hospitalizations mainly occurred in younger age groups (P＜0.001).Conclusion Our study revealed a substantial hospitalization burden associated with mild HFMD caused by EV71,Cox A16,Cox A6 and Cox A10,especially in young children,in Anhua.

Decellularized matrix of human fatty liver used for three-dimensional culture of hepatocellular carcinoma cells / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To construct a decellularized matrix of human fatty liver as the scaffold for three-dimensional (3D) culture of hepatocarcinoma cells.@*METHODS@#Human fatty liver decellularized matrix (hFLM) was prepared by repeated freezingthawing, perfusion with gradient SDS and 1% Triton X-100 through the portal vein and hepatic artery, and repeated agitation with Triton X-100. HepG2 cells were cultured in the prepared hFLM, and the cell survival, morphology, proliferation and cellular expressions of the adhesion molecules were detected.@*RESULTS@#The decellularization procedure shortened the time for scaffold preparation and preserved the 3D ultrastructure and the composition of the extracellular matrix. HepG2 cells cultured in hFLM scaffold maintained proliferation for up to 15 days and showed a growth pattern with a long lag phase and a slow growth rate, which was similar to the growth pattern . The cultured HepG2 exhibited a low expression of E-cadherin and a high expression of vimentin, which was consistent with the xenograft but opposite to 2D cultured cells. However, the lack of adequate nutrient transport in this hepatocarcinoma cell model led to a slowdown of cell proliferation in the later stage. The PCNA index of HepG2 cells cultured in hFLM was lowered by 29.3% on day 12 as compared with that on day 6.@*CONCLUSIONS@#We established a new protocol for preparing hFLM and confirmed the feasibility of constructing hepatocarcinoma cell models using the hFLM scaffold.

Hospitalization burden of hand, foot and mouth disease in Anhua county of Hunan province,2013-2016 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To estimate the serotype and age-specific hospitalization burden associated with hand,foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Anhua county of Hunan province,between October 2013 and September 2016.Methods We collected hospitalization records of HFMD patients from 6 virological surveillance hospitals,and reimbursement records through new rural cooperative medical system from 23 township health centers to estimate the age-specific hospitalization burden of HFMD in Anhua.Combined with the results of virological surveillance,the serotype-specific hospitalization burden of HFMD in Anhua,was estimated.Results During the three years,it was estimated that 3 541 clinical diagnosed HFMD cases,including 3 146 laboratory-confirmed HFMD cases,were hospitalized in Anhua,but only one was diaguosed as being severe.The estimated average hospitalization rate was 723/100 000(95％C1:699/100 000-747/100 000) for clinical diagnosed HFMD and 642/100 000 (95％ CI:620/100 000-665/100 000) for laboratory-confirmed HFMD between October 2013 and September 2016.The cases caused by Cox A16 (208/100 000) and Cox A6 (202/100 000) had higher hospitalization rates compared with the cases caused by EV71 (130/100 000),Cox A10 (38/100 000) and other enterovirus (64/100 000),and the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.001).HFMD-associated hospitalization rates peaked in children aged 1 year (3 845/100 000),and then decreased with age.Compared with the hospitalized HFMD caused by EV71 and Cox A16,Cox A6-associated hospitalizations mainly occurred in younger age groups (P＜0.001).Conclusion Our study revealed a substantial hospitalization burden associated with mild HFMD caused by EV71,Cox A16,Cox A6 and Cox A10,especially in young children,in Anhua.

Epidemiological characteristics and molecular typing of typhoid and paratyphoid in China,2009-2013 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of typhoid and paratyphoid in China from 2009 to 2013,and provide evidence for the prevention and control of typhoid and paratyphoid,the development and improvement of surveillance strategies.Methods Epidemiological analysis was conducted on the incidence data of typhoid and paratyphoid,and related public health emergencies in China during 2009-2013.Pathogen isolation and culture,serologic test were conducted for the typhoid and paratyphoid cases from 13 national surveillance sites.The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing.Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed for the molecular typing of these isolates.Results The average incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid in China during this period was 1.03/100 000.The reported case number and incidence decreased with year.The provinces reporting high case numbers were Yunnan,Guizhou,Guangxi,Hunan,Zhejiang,Guangdong and Xinjiang.The incidence of age group 0-4 years was highest.The proportion of farmers and children outside child care settings showed an increasing tendency over time.The annual incidence peak was during July-August.Twenty five outbreaks occurred during 2009-2013.The results of pathogen isolation and culture showed that the positive rate was 3.00％ (940/31 322),among the positive isolates,the proportion of Salmonella paratyphi A accounted for higher proportion (68.19％,641/940) compared with Salmonella typhi (31.60％,297/940).The drug resistances of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi varied,but their resistances to nalidixic acid were highest (50.22％ and 85.33％) respectively.A certain amount of Salmonella typhi isolates showed the resistance to the 3rd generation cephalosporins.PFGE analysis showed divergent patterns of Salmonella typhi compared with limited patterns of Salmonella paratyphi A.Conclusion The epidemic level of typhoid and paratyphoid in China was relatively low,but the outbreak occurred occasionally.It is necessary to enhance the laboratory-based surveillance,particularly the capability of etiological diagnosis,outbreak investigation,response and antibiotic resistance monitoring,and conduct risk factor investigation in provinces with high incidences in recent years.

Discussion on relationship between "living alone with closed windows and doors" and depression / 中国针灸

"Living alone with closed windows and doors"was mentioned in the pathological manifestations of stomach meridian of foot- in (), which is similar to the symptoms of depression. Currently the treatment of depression is mostly based on"spirit being stored in five organs"theory, and little attention is paid on stomach meridian of foot-. From the pathological manifestations of"living alone with closed windows and doors"in stomach meridian of foot-, the relationship between stomach meridian and depression is discussed from and -blood. In addition, the close relationship between the stomach meridian and -blood, movement of five organs, heart and brain is discussed to explore the mechanism of treating depression. In conclusion, the literature and modern research regarding treating depression from stomach meridian are summarized, hoping to provide more clinical methods for the treatment of depression.

Epidemiological characteristics and molecular typing of typhoid and paratyphoid in China,2009-2013 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of typhoid and paratyphoid in China from 2009 to 2013,and provide evidence for the prevention and control of typhoid and paratyphoid,the development and improvement of surveillance strategies.Methods Epidemiological analysis was conducted on the incidence data of typhoid and paratyphoid,and related public health emergencies in China during 2009-2013.Pathogen isolation and culture,serologic test were conducted for the typhoid and paratyphoid cases from 13 national surveillance sites.The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing.Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed for the molecular typing of these isolates.Results The average incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid in China during this period was 1.03/100 000.The reported case number and incidence decreased with year.The provinces reporting high case numbers were Yunnan,Guizhou,Guangxi,Hunan,Zhejiang,Guangdong and Xinjiang.The incidence of age group 0-4 years was highest.The proportion of farmers and children outside child care settings showed an increasing tendency over time.The annual incidence peak was during July-August.Twenty five outbreaks occurred during 2009-2013.The results of pathogen isolation and culture showed that the positive rate was 3.00％ (940/31 322),among the positive isolates,the proportion of Salmonella paratyphi A accounted for higher proportion (68.19％,641/940) compared with Salmonella typhi (31.60％,297/940).The drug resistances of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi varied,but their resistances to nalidixic acid were highest (50.22％ and 85.33％) respectively.A certain amount of Salmonella typhi isolates showed the resistance to the 3rd generation cephalosporins.PFGE analysis showed divergent patterns of Salmonella typhi compared with limited patterns of Salmonella paratyphi A.Conclusion The epidemic level of typhoid and paratyphoid in China was relatively low,but the outbreak occurred occasionally.It is necessary to enhance the laboratory-based surveillance,particularly the capability of etiological diagnosis,outbreak investigation,response and antibiotic resistance monitoring,and conduct risk factor investigation in provinces with high incidences in recent years.

Surveillance data on typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in 2015, China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective Through analyzing the surveillance data on typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in 2015 to understand the related epidemiological features and most possible clustering areas of high incidence.Methods Individual data was collected from the passive surveillance program and analyzed by descriptive statistic method.Characteristics on seasonal,regional and distribution of the diseases were described.Spatial-temporal clustering characteristics were estimated,under the retrospective space-time method.Results A total of 8 850 typhoid fever cases were reported from the surveillance system,with incidence rate as 0.65/100 000.The number of paratyphoid fever cases was 2 794,with incidence rate as 0.21/100 000.Both cases of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever occurred all year round,with high epidemic season from May to October.Most cases involved farmers (39.68％),children (15.89％) and students (12.01％).Children under 5 years showed the highest incidence rate.Retrospective space-time analysis for provinces with high incidence rates would include Yurnan,Guangxi,Guizhou,Hunan and Guangdong,indicating the first and second class clusters were mainly distributed near the bordering adjacent districts and counties among the provinces.Conclusion In 2015,the prevalence rates of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever were low,however with regional high prevalence areas.Cross regional transmission existed among provinces with high incidence rates which might be responsible for the clusters to appear in these areas.

Surveillance data on typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in 2015, China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective Through analyzing the surveillance data on typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in 2015 to understand the related epidemiological features and most possible clustering areas of high incidence.Methods Individual data was collected from the passive surveillance program and analyzed by descriptive statistic method.Characteristics on seasonal,regional and distribution of the diseases were described.Spatial-temporal clustering characteristics were estimated,under the retrospective space-time method.Results A total of 8 850 typhoid fever cases were reported from the surveillance system,with incidence rate as 0.65/100 000.The number of paratyphoid fever cases was 2 794,with incidence rate as 0.21/100 000.Both cases of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever occurred all year round,with high epidemic season from May to October.Most cases involved farmers (39.68％),children (15.89％) and students (12.01％).Children under 5 years showed the highest incidence rate.Retrospective space-time analysis for provinces with high incidence rates would include Yurnan,Guangxi,Guizhou,Hunan and Guangdong,indicating the first and second class clusters were mainly distributed near the bordering adjacent districts and counties among the provinces.Conclusion In 2015,the prevalence rates of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever were low,however with regional high prevalence areas.Cross regional transmission existed among provinces with high incidence rates which might be responsible for the clusters to appear in these areas.

Analysis on epidemiological characteristics of occupational exposure to HIV in Chongqing during 2009-2012 / 重庆医学

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of occupational exposure to human immunodeficiency vi-rus (HIV) in Chongqing to provide the scientific basis for avoiding and reducing the HIV occupational exposures in the future . Methods All archival data of the exposed individuals came to our hospital for seeking post-exposure consultation and treatment during 2009-2012 were performed the classification and arrangement for conducting the descriptive analysis on the distribution characteristics of the age ,gender ,occupation ,working region ,exposure mode and severity of exposure .Results During this period , there were 135 cases of occupational exposure ,which ocurred in the medical institutions outside the main urban area (74 .18% ) , dominated by the nurses (57 .04% ) and doctors(33 .33% ) .21-30 years old (51 .85% ) and 31 -40 years old(33 .33% ) were the age groups with more occurrence of occupational exposure .The exposure routes were dominated by the sharp instrument injury (92 .59% ) and the exposure degree was mainly the secondary exposure ( 69 .63% ) .Conclusion The prevalence situation of HIV occupational exposure in Chongqing is stable in the total trend .The medical and health institutions outside main urban area should perfect the management system ,strengthen training ,put the standard prophylaxis principles to practice for reducing the occurrence of occupational exposure .

In Vitro Antibacterial,Trichomonacidal,and Itching-relieving Activities of Hemorrhoids Lotion / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE: To study the antibacterial, trichomonacidal, and itching-relieving activities of Hemorrhoids lotion. METHODS: The antibacterial and trichomonacidal activities were detected by serial dilution of liquid medium and trichomonas vaginalis inhibition test in vitro, respectively. The itching-relieving effect of the lotion was observed by using histamine to induce itching of guinea pig. RESULTS: Hemorrhoids lotion inhibited the growth of SA(staphylococcus aureus), aeruginosus bacillus,escherichia coli and blastomyces albicans, and it had trichomonacidal activity on trichomonas vaginalis; furthermore, it increased the threshold value of histamine-induced itching in guinea pig. CONCLUSION: Hemorrhoids Lotion had antibacterial, trichomonacidal, and itching-relieving activities.